Alpha-fetoprotein( AFP ) AFP 1963 tumorAFP yolk sac and synthesis in hepatocytes on gestational day 100 after birthseveral months decreased peak ? 1 yearsto the normal level ?Reference values for clinical significance 
1)primary liver cancer in 80% AFP > 400ng/ ml primary liver cancer nearly 20% AFP( 2),viral hepatitis in most of the AFP ( 3)endoderm cancer ,teratoma ,testicular cancer ,ovarian cancer ,gastric cancer and liver metastasis with AFP can be elevated ( 4)women pregnant 3 months later,AFP began to increase ,7-8monthsand reached a peak ,generally in the 400ng /ml, 3 weeks after delivery torestore normal gestational AFP abnormal fetal neural tube defects ,elevated ,deformity ?Carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA ) CEA 1965 colon cancerfound in serum with human embryonic antigen characteristics of acidic glycoprotein was initially thought to be a colon / rectal cancer specific tumor marker CEA in digestive tract tumors :lung cancer ,breast cancer ,thyroid cancer ,pancreatic cancer and there are .Reference : clinical implications
1)CEA increased primarily in rectal cancer gastric cancer ,liver cancer ,colon / ,lung cancer ,pancreatic cancer ,breast cancer ,ovarian cancer ,uterine and cervical cancer ,urinary system tumors ,other malignant tumors have different degrees of positive rate .( 2)cirrhosis ,hepatitis ,pulmonary emphysema ,intestinal ket chamber ,rectal polyps ,colitis and other benign diseases of CEA can be elevated .( 3)cancer is advanced ,the higher the CEA ,the positive rate is high ( 4)larger size, the higher the CEA ( 5)metastasis ,high CEA ( 6)adenocarcinoma sensitive ,followed by squamous cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated cancer ,the higher the degree of differentiation of the higher positive rate ( 7)of normal human smokers with elevated CEA (
in cancer patients ,ascites ,pleural fluid ,digestive secretions in the CEA often elevated carbohydrate antigen 50 (CA50 )1983tumor markers?Reference values for clinical significance 1)the liver ,lung ,stomach ,colon / rectal ,pancreatic ,gallbladder ,kidney ,uterus ,ovary ,breast ,bladder ,prostate cancer ,lymph ,melanoma ( 2)pneumonia ,nephritis ,pancreatitis ,colitis, some infectious diseases the elevation of serum CA50 (3)some ulcerative disease ,autoimmune diseases also have an elevated CA50 phenomenon.Carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125 )CA125 1983 ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma cellimmunity in mice ,+ myeloma hybrid = monoclonal antibody OC125 OC125 recognitionof antigen for CA125 ?Reference values for clinical significance in ovarian cancer
1)the elevation of serum CA125 ,the positive rate of 61.4% ;a therapeutically effective decrease of CA125 CA125 increasedbefore symptoms ;recurrence ;CA125 is judgeda good indicator of efficacy and recurrence .( 2)other non malignant ovarian tumors have certain positive rate .
Cervical cancer ,endometrial cancer ,endometrial carcinoma 43% 50% pancreatic cancerof lung cancer in 41% of 47% gastric cancer colon / rectal cancer in 34% breast cancer 40% ( 3)other malignant tumors ,also increased to various degrees ,but the positive rate is low ;such as endometriosis ,pelvic inflammatory disease ,ovarian cysts ,pancreatitis ,hepatitis ,liver cirrhosis ( 4)in many benign and malignant chest ,ascites was found in elevated CA125 (5)early in pregnancy ,there is also CA125 elevatedcarbohydrate antigen 15-3 (  ;1980s,CA15-3 )for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment follow-up of some value ,but in early breast cancer with lower sensitivity is its lack of reference values for clinical significance ?
1)breast cancer patients with elevated CA15-3 ,breast cancer early 60% sensitivityof breast cancer sensitivity of 80%CA15-3 on breastcancer observation of curative effect ,prognosis ,recurrence and metastasis has important value in the diagnosis of malignant tumors ( 2)other also has certain positive rate in lung cancer ,such as :colon cancer ,pancreatic cancer ,ovarian cancer ,uterine cervical cancer ,hepatocellular carcinoma ,liver (3 ),gastrointestinal tract ,lung ,breast ,ovarian and other non malignant neoplastic disease ,the positive rate of 19-9(general carbohydrate antigen In 1979 CA19-9)during embryonic fetal pancreatic ,gallbladder ,liver ,intestine and other organizations also exist such antigens ,but normal human tissue content of minimal .Detection of serum CA19-9 ?As pancreatic cancer ,gallbladder cancer and other malignant tumors diagnosis index for monitoring ,condition change and recurrence of great significance .Reference value ( 1)of pancreatic cancer ,carcinoma of gallbladder ,biliary and ampullary carcinoma ,CA19-9 increased significantly,especially in advanced pancreatic cancer and the positive rate of up to 75% ,is the important auxiliary diagnosis index ,but early diagnosis of little value .
( 2)the positive rate of 50% gastric cancer colon / rectal positive rate of 60% hepatocellular carcinoma with positive rate of 65% ( 3)other malignant tumors have certain positive rate such as :breast cancer ,ovarian cancer ,lung cancer ,( 4)certain digestive tract inflammation CA19-9 also increased to various degrees,such as :acute pancreatitis ,cholecystitis ,cholestasis biliary or arthritis ,hepatitis ,cirrhosis and other ( 5)CA19-9 in the diagnosis of the tumors ,prognosis ,recurrence and metastasis diagnosis has important significance .
Carbohydrate antigen 242 (CA242 )in the serum of CA242 in non squamous tissue than squamous cell carcinoma level high ?In small cell lung cancer and the distribution of disease states ,and efficacy ?For adenocarcinoma of the detection rate of CA242 inCEA ,the two combined detection to improve tumor detection sensitivity ?:clinical significance
reference value 1),bile and pancreatic cancer cancer CA242 high positive rateof 88%-100%( 2)lung adenocarcinoma positive rate 76% rectal adenocarcinoma positive rate of 79% feed pipe and breast cancer with positive rate of 62% small cell lung cancer with positive rate of 50% squamous cell lung carcinoma positive rate is 9% ( 3)the false positive rate is relatively low ,only 5%.  ;carbohydrate antigen 72-4(CA72-4 )CA72-4 1981 ?Reference values : clinical implications
1)the positive rate of gastric cancer with metastasis of 65-70% ,higher ( 2)node / rectal ,pancreatic cancer ,liver cancer ,lung cancer ,breast cancer ,ovarian cancer, also has certain positive rate ( 3)of CA72-4 can also beas a follow up after treatment as well as indicators of recurrence and prognosis of beta ? 2 ? micro ball protein ( beta ? 2-MG) beta ? 2-MG 1968 insmall renal lesions in urine of patients with isolated or obtained .Beta ? 2-MG isa component of cell membranes on histocompatibility antigen ( HLA ) part, in normal cells in the new supersedes the old. After separating from HLA released into blood .? beta
- 2-MGoriginated in human mesenchymal ,epithelial cells and the hematopoietic system of normal cells and tumor cells ?Reference values : clinical implications
1)acute ,chronic monocytic cells and chronic lymphocytic leukemia ,lymphoma ,myeloma ,liver cancer ,gastric cancer ,pancreatic cancer ,colorectal cancer ,lung cancer ,colorectal and breast cancer and serum beta ?
2-MG increased;(2 )renal small cones disease serum beta 2 -micro ball protein ( beta ? 2-MG) elevated renal small matter ,lesions of the urinary beta 2 -micro ball protein ( beta
- 2-MG) increased; ( 3)immune diseases serum beta 2 -micro ball protein ( beta ? 2-MG) elevated ferritin ( Ft ) ferritin ( Ft ) in 1937 fromiron-containing proteins ?Physiological
role: with a strong binding and reserve the ability of iron ?By human reticuloendothelial cell secretion ,the body of 2 / 3 of theiron in the liver ,spleen ,bone marrow and intestinal mucosa
cells ?Some tumor cells can synthesize and release the ferritin ?Ferritin (Ft ) content can reflect liver volume and in vivo Chu Tie gross Chu Tie ?Reference values: male 20-280UG/ L female
12-145 UG/ L clinical significance
1),lung cancer ,liver cancer and carcinoma of gallbladder ,pancreas head cancer ,lymphoma , leukemia ,urologic neoplasms ,brain neoplasms ,nasopharyngeal carcinoma ,breast cancer ,cervical cancer ,ovarian cancer ,multiple myeloma ,He Jie and elevated SF ( 2)blood transfusion or iron in treatment of elevated SF ( 3)aplastic anemia ,hemolytic
anemia ,thalassemia elevated SF ( 4)primary hemosiderin deposition in elevated SF (5 )connective tissue disease elevated SF ( 6)with a variety of liver diseases and chronic renal failure
with elevated SF ( 7)infectious disease elevated SF (
determination of cerebrospinal fluid Ft contributes to brain disease in diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia ( 9)decrease in SF  safety not guaranteed lifehouse al gore la dodgers supreme court lawrence o donnell magic johnson
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